Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for workplace violence?

• A. Alcohol or drug influence.
• B. Understaffing.
• C. Adequate staffing and calm waiting areas.
• D. Poorly lit areas.

Answer: (C)

Focusing on what increases the risk of violence helps you spot what to address. Alcohol or drug influence is a known risk factor because impairment can escalate aggression and reduce the ability to de-escalate tensions. Understaffing raises risk as well: it increases wait times, heightens staff and patient stress, and limits the ability to monitor, intervene, or respond quickly to escalating situations. Poorly lit areas also contribute by decreasing visibility and a sense of security, making incidents more likely or harder to detect.

Adequate staffing and calm waiting areas, in contrast, reduce crowding, shorten wait times, and improve supervision and de-escalation opportunities. This creates a safer, more controlled environment and acts as a protective factor rather than a risk factor. Therefore, describing adequate staffing and calm waiting areas as the option not representing a risk factor is correct.